Principle of operation, ULTRAMAT channel
The ULTRAMAT channel operates according to the infrared two-beam alternating light principle with double-layer detector and optical coupler.
The measuring principle is based on the molecule-specific absorption of bands of infrared radiation. The absorbed wavelengths are characteristic to the individual gases, but may partially overlap. This results in cross-sensitivities which are reduced to a minimum by the following measures:
- Gas-filled filter cell (beam divider)
- Double-layer detector with optical coupler
- Optical filters if necessary
The figure shows the measuring principle. An IR source (1) which is heated to approx. 700 C and which can be shifted to balance the system is divided by the beam divider (3) into two equal beams (sample and reference beams). The beam divider also acts as a filter cell.
The reference beam passes through a reference cell (8) filled with N2 (a non-infrared-active gas) and reaches the right-hand side of the detector (11) practically unattenuated. The sample beam passes through the sample chamber (7) through which the sample gas flows and reaches the left-hand side of the detector (10) attenuated to a lesser or greater extent depending on the concentration of the sample gas. The detector is filled with a defined concentration of the gas component to be measured.
The detector is designed as a double-layer detector. The center of the absorption band is preferentially absorbed in the upper detector layer, the edges of the band are absorbed to approximately the same extent in the upper and lower layers. The upper and lower detector layers are connected together via the microflow sensor (12). This coupling means that the spectral sensitivity has a very narrow band.
The optical coupler (13) lengthens the lower receiver cell layer optically. The infrared absorption in the second detector layer is varied by changing the slider position (14). It is thus possible to individually minimize the influence of interfering components.
A chopper (5) rotates between the beam divider and the sample chamber and interrupts the two beams alternately and periodically. If absorption takes place in the sample chamber, a pulsating flow is generated between the two detector levels which is converted by the microflow sensor (12) into an electric signal.
The microflow sensor consists of two nickel-plated grids heated to approximately 120 C, which, along with two supplementary resistors, form a Wheatstone bridge. The pulsating flow together with the dense arrangement of the Ni grids causes a change in resistance. This leads to an offset in the bridge, which is dependent on the concentration of the sample gas.
Note
The sample gases must be fed into the analyzers free of dust. Condensation should be prevented from occurring in the sample chambers. Therefore, the use of gas modified for the measuring task is necessary in most application cases.
As far as possible, the ambient air of the analyzer should not have a large concentration of the gas components to be measured.
Flow-type reference sides with reduced flow must not be operated with flammable or toxic gases.
Flow-type reference sides with reduced flow and an O2 content > 70% may only be used together with Y02.
Channels with electronically suppressed zero point only differ from the standard version in the measuring range parameterization.
Physically suppressed zeros can be provided as a special application.
ULTRAMAT channel, principle of operation
Principle of operation, OXYMAT channel
In contrast to almost all other gases, oxygen is paramagnetic. This property is utilized as the measuring principle by the OXYMAT channel.
Oxygen molecules in an inhomogeneous magnetic field are drawn in the direction of increased field strength due to their paramagnetism. When two gases with different oxygen contents meet in a magnetic field, a pressure difference is produced between them.
One gas (1) is a reference gas (N2, O2 or air), the other is the sample gas (5). The reference gas is introduced into the sample chamber (6) through two channels (3). One of these reference gas streams meets the sample gas within the area of a magnetic field (7). Because the two channels are connected, the pressure, which is proportional to the oxygen content, causes a cross flow. This flow is converted into an electric signal by a microflow sensor (4).
The microflow sensor consists of two nickel-plated grids heated to approximately 120 C, which, along with two supplementary resistors, form a Wheatstone bridge. The pulsating flow results in a change in the resistance of the Ni grids. This leads to an offset in the bridge which is dependent on the oxygen concentration of the sample gas.
Because the microflow sensor is located in the reference gas stream, the measurement is not influenced by the thermal conductivity, the specific heat or the internal friction of the sample gas. This also provides a high degree of corrosion resistance because the microflow sensor is not exposed to the direct influence of the sample gas.
By using a magnetic field with alternating strength (8), the effect of the background flow in the microflow sensor is not detected, and the measurement is thus independent of the instrument's operating position.
The sample chamber is directly in the sample path and has a small volume, and the microflow sensor is a low-lag sensor. This results in a very short response time.
Vibrations frequently occur at the place of installation and may falsify the measured signal (noise). A further microflow sensor (10) through which no gas passes acts as a vibration sensor. Its signal is applied to the measured signal as compensation.
If the density of the sample gas deviates by more than 50 % from that of the reference gas, the compensation microflow sensor (10) is flushed with reference gas just like the measuring sensor (4) (option).
Note
The sample gases must be fed into the analyzers free of dust. Condensation should be prevented from occurring in the sample chambers. Therefore, gas modified for the measuring tasks is necessary in most application cases.
OXYMAT channel, principle of operation
Essential characteristics
- Dimension of measured value freely selectable (e.g. vpm, mg/m3)
- Four freely-parameterizable measuring ranges per component
- Measuring ranges with suppressed zero point possible
- Measuring range identification
- Galvanically isolated signal output 0/2/4 to 20 mA per component
- Automatic or manual measuring range switchover selectable; remote switching is also possible
- Storage of measured values possible during adjustments
- Time constants selectable within wide limits (static/dynamic noise suppression); i.e. the response time of the analyzer or component can be matched to the respective measuring task
- Short response time
- Low long-term drift
- Measuring point switchover for up to 6 measuring points (programmable)
- Measuring point identification
- Monitoring of sample gas flow (option)
- Two control levels with separate authorization codes to prevent unintentional and unauthorized inputs
- Automatic, parameterizable measuring range calibration
- Simple handling using a numerical membrane keyboard and operator prompting
- Operation based on NAMUR recommendation
- Customer-specific analyzer options such as:
- Customer acceptance
- TAG labels
- Drift recording
ULTRAMAT channel
- Differential measuring ranges with flow-type reference cell
- Internal pressure sensor for correction of variations in atmospheric pressure in the range 700 to 1 200 hPa absolute
- External pressure sensor - only with piping as the gas path - can be connected for correction of variations in the process gas pressure in the range 700 to 1 500 hPa absolute (option)
- Sample chambers for use in presence of highly corrosive sample gases (e.g. tantalum layer or Hastelloy C22)
OXYMAT channel
- Monitoring of sample gas and/or reference gas (option)
- Different smallest measuring ranges (0.5 %, 2.0 % or 5.0 % O2)
- Analyzer unit with flow-type compensation circuit (option): a flow is passed through the compensation branch to reduce the vibration dependency in the case of highly different densities of the sample and reference gases
- Internal pressure sensor for correction of pressure variations in sample gas (range 500 to 2 000 hPa absolute)
- External pressure sensor - only with piping as the gas path - can be connected for correction of variations in the sample gas pressure up to 3 000 hPa absolute (option)
- Monitoring of reference gas with reference gas connection 3 000 to 5 000 hPa (option), absolute
- Sample chamber for use in presence of highly corrosive sample gases
Reference gases
|
Measuring range |
Recommended reference gas |
Reference gas connection pressure |
Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
|
0 to ... vol.% O2 |
N2 |
2 000 … 4 000 hPa above sample gas pressure (max. 5 000 hPa absolute) |
The reference gas flow is set automatically to 5 … 10 ml/min (up to 20 ml/min with flow-type compensation branch) |
|
... to 100 vol. % O2 (suppressed zero point with full-scale value 100 vol. % O2) |
O2 |
||
|
Around 21 vol.% O2 (suppressed zero point with 21 vol.% O2 within the measuring span) |
Air |
100 hPa with respect to sample gas pressure which may vary by max. 50 hPa around the atmospheric pressure |
Table 1: Reference gases for OXYMAT channel
Correction of zero error / cross-sensitivities (OXYMAT channel)
|
Accompanying gas (concentration 100 vol. %) |
Deviation from zero point in vol. % O2 absolute |
Accompanying gas (concentration 100 vol. %) |
Deviation from zero point in vol. % O2 absolute |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Organic gases |
Inert gases |
||
|
Ethane C2H6 |
-0.49 |
Helium He |
+0.33 |
|
Ethene (ethylene) C2H4 |
-0.22 |
Neon Ne |
+0.17 |
|
Ethine (acetylene) C2H2 |
-0.29 |
Argon Ar |
-0.25 |
|
1.2 butadiene C4H6 |
-0.65 |
Krypton Kr |
-0.55 |
|
1.3 butadiene C4H6 |
-0.49 |
Xenon Xe |
-1.05 |
|
n-butane C4H10 |
-1.26 |
||
|
iso-butane C4H10 |
-1.30 |
Inorganic gases |
|
|
1-butene C4H8 |
-0.96 |
Ammonia NH3 |
-0.20 |
|
iso-butene C4H8 |
-1.06 |
Hydrogen bromide HBr |
-0.76 |
|
Dichlorodifluoromethane (R12) CCl2F2 |
-1.32 |
Chlorine Cl2 |
-0.94 |
|
Acetic acid CH3COOH |
-0.64 |
Hydrogen chloride HCl |
-0.35 |
|
n-heptane C7H16 |
-2.40 |
Dinitrogen monoxide N2O |
-0.23 |
|
n-hexane C6H14 |
-2.02 |
Hydrogen fluoride HF |
+0.10 |
|
Cyclo-hexane C6H12 |
-1.84 |
Hydrogen iodide HI |
-1.19 |
|
Methane CH4 |
-0.18 |
Carbon dioxide CO2 |
-0.30 |
|
Methanol CH3OH |
-0.31 |
Carbon monoxide CO |
+0.07 |
|
n-octane C8H18 |
-2.78 |
Nitrogen oxide NO |
+42.94 |
|
n-pentane C5H12 |
-1.68 |
Nitrogen N2 |
0.00 |
|
iso-pentane C5H12 |
-1.49 |
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 |
+20.00 |
|
Propane C3H8 |
-0.87 |
Sulfur dioxide SO2 |
-0.20 |
|
Propylene C3H6 |
-0.64 |
Sulfur hexafluoride SF6 |
-1.05 |
|
Trichlorofluoromethane (R11) CCl3F |
-1.63 |
Hydrogen sulfide H2S |
-0.44 |
|
Vinyl chloride C2H3Cl |
-0.77 |
Water H2O |
-0.03 |
|
Vinyl fluoride C2H3F |
-0.55 |
Hydrogen H2 |
+0.26 |
|
1.1 vinylidene chloride C2H2Cl2 |
-1.22 |
||
Table 2: Zero point error due to diamagnetism or paramagnetism of some accompanying gases with reference to nitrogen at 60 °C und 1 000 hPa absolute (according to IEC 1207/3)
Conversion to other temperatures:
The deviations from the zero point listed in Table 2 must be multiplied by a correction factor (k):
- with diamagnetic gases: k = 333 K / ( [°C] + 273 K)
- with paramagnetic gases: k = [333 K / ( [°C] + 273 K)]2
(all diamagnetic gases have a negative deviation from zero point)