Operating principleLDS 6 is a gas analyzer employing single-line molecular absorption spectroscopy. A diode laser emits a beam of near-infrared light, which passes through the process gas and is detected by a receiver unit. The wavelength of the laser diode output is tuned to a gas-specific absorption line. The laser continuously scans this single absorption line with a very high spectral resolution. The result is a fully resolved single molecular line which is analyzed in terms of absorption strength and line shape. The influence of cross-sensitivities on the measurement is negligible, since the quasi-monochromatic laser light is absorbed very selectively by only one specific molecular line in the scanned spectral range. Basic design of the LDS 6 Configuration examples: A feature of the in-situ analytical procedure is that the physical measurement takes place directly in the stream of process gas, and usually also directly in the actual process gas line. All process parameters such as gas matrix, pressure, temperature, moisture, dust load, flow velocity and mounting orientation can influence the measuring properties of the LDS 6 and must therefore be systematically investigated for each new application. A feature of the standard applications defined in the ordering data of the LDS 6 is that the typical process conditions are well-known, documented, and the guaranteed measuring properties can be proven by reference installations. If you cannot find your application among the standard applications, please contact Siemens. We will be pleased to check your possible individual application of the LDS 6. You can find an application questionnaire on the LDS 6 product pages on the Internet: http://www.siemens.de/insitufragebogen Typical transmitted light setup of LDS 6, in-situ To avoid contamination of sensor optics on the process side, clean gaseous purging media such as instrument air, N2 or steam are used. Purging air tubes on the sensor heads, which slightly penetrate into the process gas stream, define the effective measuring path length. The LDS 6 can measure in both the transverse and longitudinal directions of the process gas flow. In certain cases, the process conditions make it necessary to condition the sample gas stream in a bypass line with respect to process temperature, pressure and/or optical path length. Further treatment of the process gas, such as drying or dust precipitation, is usually unnecessary. Typical transmitted light setup of LDS 6, in bypass A flow cell is available by special application for the LDS 6 which has been specially optimized for use with the LDS 6 and its transmitted-light sensors with respect to handling and measuring performance. It is designed to reduce surface effects, and is therefore also highly suitable for polar gases like ammonia. This flow cell is available in heated and non-heated versions. Wheel mounted and wall mounted versions are available. Measuring configuration of LDS 6 with heated flow cell General informationLDS 6 is connected to the measuring points by fiber optics. The laser light is guided by a single-mode fiber from the central unit to the transmitter unit of the in-situ sensor. The sensor consists of a transmitter and a receiver; the distance between them defines the measurement path. In the receiver box, the light is focused onto a suitable detector. The detector signal is then converted into an optical signal and transmitted via a second optical fiber to the central unit, where the concentration of the gas component is determined from the detected absorption signal. LDS 6 usually measures a single gas component by means of the absorption capacity of a single fully resolved molecular absorption line. The absorption results from conversion of the radiation energy of the laser light into the internal energy of the molecule. In some specific cases, two components can be measured simultaneously if their absorption lines are so close to each other that they can be detected within the laser spectrum by one single scan (for example water (H2O) and ammonia (NH3)). Absorption spectra of water and ammonia Typical measurable gases for LDS 6 are:
By using an internal reference cell normally filled with the gas measured, the stability of the spectrometer is permanently checked in a reference channel. By doing so, the continuous validity of the calibration is ensured without the need to carry out external recalibration using bottled calibration gases or reference gas cells. Typical spectral bandwidth of an absorption line compared to the bandwidth of the laser light. Influences on the measurementDust load As long as the laser beam is able to generate a suitable detector signal, the dust load of the process gases does not influence the analytical result. By applying a dynamic background correction, measurements can be carried out without any negative impact. Under good conditions, particle densities up to 100 g/Nm3 (distance 1 m) can be handled by the LDS 6. Varying dust loads are compensated by scanning the laser over the gas absorption line and the current background. Temperature The effect of temperature on the absorption strength of the molecule line is compensated by a correction factor. A temperature signal can be fed into an analog instrument from an external temperature sensor. This signal is then used to correct the influence of the temperature on the observed line strength. If the temperature of the sample gas remains constant, it is alternatively possible to carry out a static correction using a preset value. Pressure The effect of pressure on the absorption line, and consequently on the measured concentration, is compensated with a correction factor. The gas pressure can affect the line shape of the molecular absorption line. An analog pressure signal can be sent to the device from an external pressure sensor to fully compensate for the effect of the pressure including the density effect. Optical path length The absorption values analyzed by the LDS 6 are typically small. According to the Lambert-Beer law, the absorption of laser light depends on the optical path length within the gas, among other factors. Therefore, the precision in determining the effective optical path length in the process might limit the overall precision of the measurement. Maintenance and fault messagesLDS 6 outputs different warnings via relays:
Note Individual requirements for the measuring point can make the utilization of special sensor equipment necessary. The possibilities for adapting the sensors are:
Essential characteristics
Certified versions for emission monitoringThe LDS 6 is available as certified instrument for emission monitoring of NH3, NH3/H2O, H2O, HCl, HCl/H2O. The certificates are issued by TUV for Germany and MCERTS for the United Kingdom. Test kits for ammonia, water and HCl should be used to conduct regular calibration and linearity checks on site. These kits can be ordered separately as instrument accessories. For new analyzer orders, the NH3, NH3/H2O and H2O kits named "Version 2" must be ordered. For analyzers already installed, contact Siemens Technical Support. for spotting the correct kit version, or consult the instrument manual. Verification of calibration Assembly with certified, maintenance-free calibration gas cell with connections for laser fiber-optic conductors and detector module of cross-duct sensor. These are used to rapidly verify the factory calibration in the field without compressed gas bottles or flow cell. Calibration verification kits are available for the following sample gases: O2 (application code letters AA, AC), NH3, CO, CO2, CO/CO2. A "Zero gas test kit" is also available for individual applications (see Additional units). Example of an assembly for verification of calibration |
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